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Metallography:
Developed around 1863 by Henry C. Sorby (Sheffield, UK) to reveal structure of metallic materials by polishing, etching and microscopic examination.

Source: M.J. Lessiter and E.L. Kotzin, "Timeline of Casting Technology", Modern Casting, November 2003.

Mircobiology, optical microscopy:
Microorganisms, including bacteria, were first observed (actually seen) in 1676 by Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch (Delft) cloth merchant by trade but with an interest in optical microscopy.

There is a connection between van Leeuwenhoek and the famous Delft painter Vermeer (perhaps you have seen a Scarlett Johansson movie recently - hint: pearl earring) in that he was the curator of Vermeer's estate (coincidentally also appointed as such in 1676).

Sources:
P.M. Tierno: "The Secret Life of Germs", Atria, 2001.
N. Schneider: "Vermeer - the complete paintings", Taschen, 2000.

Scanning Electron Microscopy:
Invented in late 1960's in England.

Source: M.J. Lessiter and E.L. Kotzin, "Timeline of Casting Technology", Modern Casting, November 2003.

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